Classical Management Theories in Contemporary Management

Journal of Management and Marketing Research Infusing value: application of historical management concepts at a modern organization Andrew H. Clem Nova Southeastern University Bahaudin G. Mujtaba Nova Southeastern University Abstract History and the relative global marketplace have always proven to large organizations that there will continue to be wavering economic waters to navigate as well as deal with constant changes in the business environment. Today’s economy is no different, and management strategies are continually tested to withstand the slow return to prosperity. Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) has historically been able to weather these environmental business factors through insightful management†¦show more content†¦In fact, employee ownership has been described as that it â€Å"carries with it a sense of responsibility, a concern for the long-term welfare of the organization, and better human relations†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Pohlman Gardiner, 2000, p. 182) Jeff Gates, author of The Ownership Solution, places a strong argument on the positive side of employee ownership , almost placing a warning on companies that do not participate in this form Classical Management Theories of ownership. Mr. Gates states that â€Å"unless ownership in contemporary organizations is significantly broadened to include employees at every level in the organization (as opposed to ownership almost entirely by investors), corporations will become increasingly disconnected from the personal consciences of those who work inside them† (Pohlman Gardiner, p. 45). However, employee ownership is no cure-all for organizations either. Gates goes on to explain that there is not much that employee ownership can do for companies to â€Å"insulate [them] from competition, technological change, or shifting markets† (Pohlman Gardiner, p. 155). As SAIC continues forward, however, sustainability and longterm growth are still at the forefront of their management plans. Mr. Gates continues, suggesting that â€Å"companies embrace employee ownership as a component of their competitiveness strategy† (Pohlman Gardiner, p. 155). This, inShow MoreRelatedManagement Theory : Cla ssical And Contemporary Essay1655 Words   |  7 PagesManagement theory has been a topical issue in several organizational fields for centuries. Both classic and modern styles organizations have reinforced management principles to fulfil goals efficiently and effectively. From the industrial to post-industrial evolution of organizations, the emergence of several management theories and their components have been infused in business polices, protocols and regulations that transfer onto the organisation’s operations (Aldrich, 2008). Today’s literatureRead MoreDefine and Discuss the Different Theories of Management, Using Practical Examples from Your Experience or Knowledge. Compare Classical Management Theory to Any Contemporary.652 Words   |  3 PagesDefine and discuss the different theories of management, using practical examples from your experience or knowledge. Compare classical management theory to any contemporary. * * * Nowadays we have new implementing plans for management. The different theories of management are: classical, behavioral, quantitative and quality management theory, systematic and contingency management theory. The classical management theory focuses on finding the â€Å"one best way† to accomplish andRead MoreDefine and Discuss the Different Theories of Management, Using Practical Examples from Your Experience or Knowledge. Compare Classical Management Theory to Any Contemporary Management Theory.691 Words   |  3 Pagesdifferent theories of management are classical management theory, behavioral management theory, quantitative management theory, systems management theory, contingency management theory, and quality management theory. The classical management theory focuses on finding the one best way to perform and manage task. The behavioral management theory recognizes employees as individuals with concrete human needs, as parts of work groups, and members of a larger society. The quantitative management theory usesRead MoreClassical Managment1274 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿PART A Historical Foundations of management have been around for years and were first introduced by Fayol around the turn of the century . This essay will discuss three main points and questions around management, the first question will cover how modern management practices have evolved from the â€Å"classical approaches to management†. The second question will cover the challenges contemporary managers face in 2013 compared to managers in the era of the classical approaches and the third questionRead MoreManagement Foundations Essay1635 Words   |  7 PagesManagement Foundations Esay The classical management perspective represents the first well-developed framework of management (Davidson. P. et al, 2000). It’s the framework from which later theories evolved and concerns efficiency and productivity, which in turn leads to effective and efficient management. Scientific management and the Administrative theory are both classical management theories, which provide information on managing in the workplace, which are very useful and vital to have inRead MoreA Modern Day Management Approach1221 Words   |  5 Pagesapproach to management and leadership as a reaction to environmental changes, intensifying competition and availability of technology. Organizational theories are focused on forging a management style that will facilitate the achievement and growth of the company. Robert, a baby boomer, was inclined to working with others to train and make processes faster at the time that most businesses were focusing on mechanization as a means of achieving compet itive advantage. The organizational theory that RobertRead MoreClassical And Contingency Theories For Organizational Design1275 Words   |  6 PagesCritically Evaluate the Contributions and Limitations of Classical and Contingency Theories to Our Understanding of Contemporary Practices in the Area of Organizational Design  Table of Contents Introduction 3 Overview of Classical and Contingency Theories 3 Contributions of Classical and Contingency Theories 4 Limitations of Classical and Contingency Theories 5 Conclusion 6 References 7  Introduction Organisation is composed of individuals and groups who work together towards the accomplishmentRead MoreManaging Business Assignment992 Words   |  4 PagesLearning Outcomes You should be able to: Appreciate the different management theory and practice from the era of scientific management to contingency theory. Demonstrate knowledge of the underlying concepts and principles related to entrepreneurial and management activities. Deliverables This assignment represents 30% of the total INCOURSE marks for this module. The deliverables: A report of 1,000 words. You should state the number of wordsRead MoreManagement Administrative Theory1585 Words   |  7 Pages108: MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION ASSIGNMENT 1 Mary Parker Follett has been described by Schermerhorn et al. as an Administrative Theorist within the Classical approach to management. However, others have seen her as ahead of her time, and have even described her as thoroughly modern . What were Mary Parker Follett s main contributions to management thought and practice; how do they relate to classical management theory and practice and how are they relevant to managers in contemporary organisationsRead MoreThe Classical Theories Of Motivation1393 Words   |  6 Pagesthe employees of an organization, reflects the contemporary concept of the employees in an organization as being the drivers of its success. the term resources denotes the consideration of employees as an asset to the company which needs to be efficiently utilized and motivated in order to reap benefits from its efforts. The greater focus on the organizational employees acted as the driver for the development of more humanistic approaches to management as well (Pirson Lawrence, 2009). Motivation

Human Resource Management - 982 Words

UNIVERSTY OF ZAMBIA DEPARTMENT : EXTENSION STUDIES COURSE : HRM 225/115 HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ASSIGNMENT NUMBER : ONE QUESTION : Discuss the following approaches to human resource management. i. Mechanist approach ii. Paternalistic approach iii. Systems approach NAME : ELIAS CHIUTSI STUDENT NUMBER : 201220152 DUE DATE : 29TH NOVEMBER, 2012 LECTURE : MR. MANGOLWA The mechanistic approach to human resources management (HRM) focuses on the simplest way to structure work so that it can be done most quickly and effective. The particular work of each employee must be so†¦show more content†¦The system approach views an organization as a set of interrelated sub- system in which variables are mutually dependent. As system can b e perceived as having : some components ,factions and the process performed by these various components, relationships among the components that unequally bind them together into conceptual assembly, an organization principle that gives it purpose. The Organizing system has five basic parts, which are interdependent. They are: The individual, the formal and informal organization, partners behaviour arising out of role demands of the organization, the role perception of individuals and the physical environment in which individuals work. The relationship of the sub system within an organization is fundamental to the systems approach. The different components of organization have to operate in a coordinated manner to attain common organization goes. This results in synergic effect. Thus the output of a system with well integrated systems would be much more than the sum of the outputs of the independent sub- system working in isolation. The system approach provdes a total view of the organization. It enable s analysis of an organization n a scientific manner so that operating system can be developed and an appropriate Human resources information system (HRS) designed. By providing the requiredShow MoreRelatedHuman Resources Management : Human Resource Management1140 Words   |  5 Pagesa business efficiently? Human Resource Management (HRM). Human Resources is the solid foundation that practically oversees the entire organization, whether its managing employees to surveilling the progress of every single department. There are six principle functions that Human Resource take into account: employee relations, recruitment, compliance, compensation and benefits, training and development, and safety (policies/regulations). Over time Human Resource Management has taken a new role intoRead MoreHuman Resources Management And Human Resource Management2123 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction The study of human resource management becomes a major topic of the science of management at the beginning of 20th century and keeps attracting researchers’ attention (Merkle, 1980). The new models of human resource management derive from the advance of management theories and the accumulation of practices and experiences. With the development of global economy, the economic situation of each country deeply affects the world and becomes closely connected. In addition, the needs of customersRead MoreHuman Resources Management : Human Resource Management1138 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Resources Management Hilti continues to grasp on success and expand globally, but their path weren’t always well defined. The company began in 1941 and historically they’ve kept to traditional strategies when it came to recognizing human resource requirements. In the early 2000’s, the company established a new set initiatives, aimed at doubling revenue and operating profits. Hilti also recognized that this type of growth would require invigorating ideas to employ human resourcing requirementsRead MoreHuman Resource Management And Human Resources Management941 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Resources Management is one of the most important aspects of any organization, whether it be non-profit, not for profit, or profit. Human Resources Management is what makes it possible for a manager to be able to focus on their work and tasks at hand and not have to deal with lots of unneeded interpersonal activities. They are in charge of correctly evaluating the candidates that the managers will have to work with for the duration of the candidate’s stay. They are responsible for makingRead MoreHuman Resources Management : Human Resource Management835 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Resource Management â€Å"They humanize the brand and help workforce communities thrive† (Who). A human resource management position may be the job for you. Every business and enterprise has a human resource manager, including Starbucks, Disney and even Apple. This job includes planning and coordination, organization, consulting employees and to oversee the work and employees. All the schooling and stress that comes along with this occupation pays off in the end with an enjoyable job. HumanRead MoreHuman Resources Management : Human Resource Management1398 Words   |  6 Pages Human Resource Management Overview Tanya Phillips Dr. Andrea Scott, PhD HSA 320, Strayer University October 31, 2016 Human Resources Management Overview Human resources (HR) is the different kinds of clinical and nonclinical responsibilities for public and individual health involvement. The benefits and performance the system can deliver depends upon the knowledge, skills and motivation of those responsible for providing health services. 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Well Human Resource Management is the overall process that deals with how Human Resources manages their employees as well as different issues that can come across within the organization. Human Resource Management are in charge of different tasks including recruiting asRead MoreHuman Resources Management : Human Resource Management820 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Resources Management Proper Planning is one of the most important aspects of human resource management. Without proper execution of plans, the particular needs of an organization that are the responsibility of human resources will not be reached, and therefore, will fall short of what is necessary for meeting the goals of an organization (DeCenzo, Robbins Verhulst 2013).There are many facets a human resource manager must be familiar with in order to run an organization. The functions of humanRead MoreHuman Resource Management : Human Resources Management1264 Words   |  6 Pagesand research with my family, I decided to go into human resource management, specifically in a hospital. Many people questioned and often said â€Å"Why human resource management?† My answer, I chose human resource managers because I believe they are a vital part of a hospitals success. They make the plans, they direct the staff and they coordinate how people work together and where they need to be. Throughout this paper , I will describe human resource managers- what they do, what are the requirements

Operation Management Boeing vs Airbus Free Sample

Question: Discuss about the Operation Management: Boeing vs. Airbus. Answer: Introduction to Boeing and Airbus Boeing The Boeing is one of the largest multinational corporations that help in designing, manufacturing, and selling airplanes, rockets and satellites. The organization is also providing product services facility to its customers. The company is the largest producer of aircrafts globally. Based on the revenue collected in the year 2013, it is known as the worlds second largest defence contractor and one of the largest exporters in the country United States. Dow Jones Industrial Average is one of the components for the stock of Boeing. The headquarters of Boeing is located in Chicago and the organization is led by the CEO Dennis Muilenburg and by the president. The five primary divisions of Boeings in which it is divided include: Boeing Capital, Boeing Shared Services Group and Boeing Commercial Airplanes. In the year 2015 the organization recorded sales of $96.11 billion and the company ranked 27th on a well-known magazine Fortune Magazine. Boeing 787 Dreamliner TheBoeing 787 Dreamlineris a long-range American jet airliner.The jet airliner is a long range and has wide size body. It provides seating facilities for 242 to 335 number travelers in a usual three seating configuration. It is one of the best fuel-efficient airliners and it is also known as pioneer airliner as it uses composite material as the primary material in order to construct the airframe. The 787 was implemented with the characteristic that it is more fuel-efficient than boring that was planned to change. The 787 dreamliner differentiates among the swept wingtips, electrical flight systems and noise-reducing chevrons. It shares different type of rating with the help of the larger Boeing 777. This is done in order to allow qualified pilots in order to operate both models. Airbus Airbus is one of the sections of the internationalAirbus Group SE which manufactures civil aircraft. It is situated inFrance and Blagnac a commune ofToulouse. It provides facility of manufacture and production in France, Spain, Germany, China, United Kingdom and the United States. The organization provides employment to 73,958. The company started as agroupProducers of Airbus Industry.In the year 1999 and 2000, a consolidation is made between the aerospace companies and European defence. The consolidation between the two allows implementation of Joint Stock Company in the year 2001. Aeronautic Defence and Space Company and BAE Systems owned the company.After a extended sales process, BAE sold its shares to EADS on 13 October 2006. Airbus provides employment to 73,000 people at different sixteen sites in countries like France, Spain,Germany,and theUnited Kingdom. Production of final assembly depends on Toulouse,Germany, France;Hamburg,Seville and Spain since the year 2009 as a joint between countries like Tianjin and China. Subsidiaries of Airbus in the countries United States, Japan and India are situated. The organization manufactures and sells the first commercially feasibledigitalfly-by-wireairliner, theAirbus A320,and the world's largest passenger airliner, theA380. Airbus 380 The airbus A380 is a jet airplane that is manufactured by one of the European Union Manufacturer Airbus. The Airbus A380 is the worlds largest passenger airliner. The airport has upgraded its facilities where the airbus operates. The facilities have been upgraded in order provide accommodation to the airbus. It was recently named as Airbus A3XX. The airbus was mainly designed for challenging the monopoly in the aircraft market. The first flight made by A30 was n 27 April in the year, 2005. The upper deck of the A380 lengthens along the length of the fuselage. The width is very much comparable to the body of the aircraft. This provides 550 square meters of utilizable floor. The space is 40% much than the leading airliner. The Boeing 747-8 gives facility for seating which is more than 500 people in a three-class arrangement. The design range includes 8500 nautical miles. It serves as the longest nonstop scheduled flight. On May 2016, the company received many firm orders. The organization delivered 190 aircrafts. The biggest customer of A30 was Emirates with 142 orders and 80 deliveries. Operations Management of Boeing and Airbus; Failure of Boeing 787 Dreamliner Operation Management of Boeing Boeing is one of the oldest aircraft manufacturing companies that is still providing a large number of aircrafts to airlines companies all over the world. Boeing mainly emphasizes on the customer satisfaction and comfort during the flight. After losing out majority of market share to Airbus, they brought in several changes in the overall aircraft designs (Bazargan et al. 2013). During this period, they did not back out from business or reduce costs of the aircrafts. Instead, they brought in the new changes. In addition to these, they also provided aircrafts to aerospace (spacecrafts), army and other defensive fields. Operations management of Boeing is divided in parts in order to reach goal specially for making their aircrafts. It is included on the major commercial aircraft for getting the right product mix, for implementing and formulating the right production system and market strategies (Wu 2016). Operation Management of Airbus Operation Management of Airbus is quite different from Boeing. Before starting business, Airbus conducted rigorous research to effectively incorporate latest scientific and engineering techniques within the aircraft models and adding emphasize to customer demands as well as business needs. They built their aircraft models with a customer friendly design, high efficiency engines, low production cost and finally high cost efficiency ratio. Moreover, they built aircrafts with maximum capacity of passengers among the other contemporary aircrafts (Ashwini et al. 2013). Their main target was enhancing business by keeping or improving quality of services. Following this policy, they gained much popularity in the 90s and eventually surpassed Boeing in terms of business and market share. Most of the major airlines all over the world opted Airbus over Boeing due to cost efficiency, better service and high passenger capacity. Airbuss operations management and marketing policy was an immediate s uccess. Difference in OM Aspects of Boeing and Airbus There are many differences between Boeing and Airbus with respect to the operations management aspect. Boeing emphasized on immediate customer satisfaction while Airbus emphasized on long term upgrades (De Neufville et al. 2013). Boeing upgraded the internal designs and restructured the overall aircrafts while failed to make technical upgrades of the aircrafts. As a result, the cost efficiency reduced harshly and customers started preferring other companies like Airbus, Lockheed Martin, etc (Bazargan 2016). On the other hand, Airbus focused on three aspects: Satisfy present customers, added future planning, upgrade the whole aircraft system, both internal and technical, and provide the best cost efficient aircraft with maximum passenger capacity. Due to the massive differences, Airbus easily got much ahead of Boeing in Aircraft business. Failure of Boeing 787 Dreamliner Boeing, after losing majority of its market share to its main competitor Airbus, took some steps in order to gain back the market share and compete with Airbus. Boeing had the option of reducing the costs of the planes in order to satisfy the existing customers. Instead, they focused on the bringing a complete revamp in their models. For this, they changed the basic design of the model emphasizing more on the passenger satisfaction and comfort (Hill and Hill 2012). They also started using other materials for building the body of the aircrafts. However, the problem lies in the fact they focused on their existing customers only and had no particular future vision. Moreover, use of composite materials increased efficiency and costs of running the aircrafts but caused many other technical problems and glitches that threatened to stop the services of the aircrafts (Anderson et al. 2015). This is precisely the reason, Boeing 787 Dreamliner Project failed to achieve the expected goal. Need of Changes in Boeings Operations Plan Boeings operations plan have a large number of flaws that must be addressed immediately in order to revive their business and gain back the market share they once used to enjoy. Their main issues related to operations plan are as follows: Poor Future Planning Boeing only emphasizes on the current satisfaction of the customers. They revamped the whole interiors and the basic design of the aircrafts for enhancing passenger experience (Christopher 2016). But these changes only solved the issues temporarily; they failed to bring changes as long term solutions. Futile Technical Upgrades Boeing brought upgrades to satisfy customers. However, their technical upgrades were futile. In the process of lowering production costs, they used ineffective materials that further reduced cost efficiency of the aircrafts (Ashford et al. 2013). For instance, the battery they used got overheated during flight and stopped working in some cases, leading to many serious and fatal accidents. The bodies of the aircrafts were also not strong enough to survive a major crash. Useless Marketing Policy Boeings marketing policy more or less got vague in the last few decades. Although they provide crafts to major fronts like aerospace, military, their business has decreased considerably over time (Francis 2016). On the other hand, Airbus surpassed them and managed to gain a huge share on the aircraft market. These are the main operational factors for which Boeing suffered a major setback in the aircraft market. These factors must be addressed in order to gain back the market share once enjoyed by the company. Boeing 787 Dreamliner Project: Present Operations and Future Planning In 2003, Boeing concentrated on making extra accommodation for its customers (aircrafts) and their voyagers by working up an inventive plane: the 787 Dreamliner. Regardless, Boeing's worth construction framework for the pioneers was to develop their travel skill by redesigning the plane and by offering important redesigns in solace (Schofield 2016). Case in point, concerning different bearers, more than half of the fundamental formation of the 787 transportation (numbering the fuselage and wing) would be implemented by the use of composite materials. Right when segregated from the standard material (aluminium) utilized as a touch of plane gathering, the composite material considers stretched out stickiness and weight to be kept up in the voyager lodge, offering liberal change to the flying establishment (Kleinaltenkamp et al. 2014). Correspondingly, the lightweight composite materials attract the Dreamliner to make entire course of move flights. Along these lines, the Dreamliner gran ts aircrafts to offer direct/non-stop flights between any pair of urban ranges immediately, which is favoured by most broad wayfarers. Secondly, Boeing's worth formation process for its key brief clients (the flying machines) and its end clients (the explorers) was to promote flight functioning adequacy by giving gigantic plane extents to sensible size planes while flying at generally the equal rate (Mach 0.85) (Liu et al. 2012). This profit would allow planes to offer calm non-stop flights to and from powerfully and littler urban zones. Likewise, a farthest point some spot around 210 and 330 explorers and a level of up to 8,500 marine miles, the 787 Dreamliner has proposed to use 20% a smaller amount of fuel for unclear duty than today's reasonably measured planes. The cost per-seat is dependent on to be 10 percent lesser than what is charged by the other transporter. In addition, not at all like the standard aluminium, fuselages, which tend to exhaust and rust the 787's fuselages, depend upon composite materials, which is the reduction planes' sponsorship and substitution costs. Other than deals, share markets reacted strongly at the time when Boeing dispatched its "redirection changing" 787 Dreamliner program in the year 2003. Some spot around the year 2003 and 2007, Boeing's stock cost stretched out from around $30 an offer to scarcely over $100 an offer (Evans 2015). In any case, Boeing reported a development of deferrals starting in late 2007 and the business part has responded oppositely. The negative business division reaction is really expected as reputation of Boeing's era framework issues have wound up being coherently clear. Airbus shared a comparative destiny subsequent to reporting a development of deferrals for the vehicle of its A380 in mid 2006 (Sun et al. 2015). Notwithstanding monstrous capital speculation and association exertion, Boeing is right now confronting consistent yields (for two years) in its schedule for the woman flight and plane development to clients as of this creation. After many endeavours to recoup its 787's composite fuse lage supplier back on track Boeing finally obtained Vought's South Carolina office to a burden of $1 billion on July 8, 2009 (Freiherr 2015). This event affected us to look at the focal purposes behind Boeing's inconveniences in dealing with its 787's vehicle course of action. The Boeing 787 Dreamliner Project should have the following targets of operations in the basic schedule. These are as follows: Increased Outsourcing - By outsourcing around 70% of the time and movement sharpens under the 787 endeavor, Boeing can abbreviate the change time by using suppliers' ability to make unmistakable parts. In like manner, Boeing may have the ability to decrease the advancement cost of the 787 by abusing sellers inclination. With in like manner outsourcing, correspondence and coordination amongst Boeing and its suppliers will induce the opportunity to be essential for managing the advancement of the 787 change program (Hitt and Xu 2015). To support the management and collaboration among dealers and Boeing, Boeing formally comprehended an online tool called Exostar that is required to get store system unmistakable quality, update control and blend of vital business blueprints, and abatement change time and cost. Reduction of Direct Supply Base - To decline progress time and cost for the Dreamliner, Boeing can reinforce pivotal association with different level 1 providers who will diagram and make complete segment of the plane and send them to Boeing (Bachman 2014). By lessening its smart providing base, Boeing can focus on a observable measure of its thought and assets on working with level 1 providers (pre-mix stages) to a certain extent than with foul material securing and early part subassembly. Regardless, unless the supplier relationship is coordinated unequivocally, lessening the supply base can manufacture supply perils as a result of the diminished wheeling and dealing power of the producer (Kotha and Srikanth 2013). The framework for hypothesis behind this change is to empower its key suppliers to make and go on unmistakable scopes in parallel to diminish the change time. Furthermore, by moving all the more party operations to its key accomplices engineered in different countries, t here is a potential store assets being made cost moreover. Reduction of Financial Risks - Under the 787 structure, Boeing faces another challenge of sharing contract under which no key sellers will get bit for the change cost until Boeing goes on its essential 787 to its clients (slated to be ANA bearers) (Williard et al. 2013). This assertion part term was proposed to offer inspirations to huge assistants to take an interest and deal with their change tries. Regardless of the way that this assertion obliges certain money related challenge for Boeing's basic contractors if improvement due dates are missed, they are incentivized by allowed to guarantee their secured headway, which can then be supported to various affiliations later on (Howie 2015). Another blending power for the key accomplices to recollect that this portion of term that is licensing them to build up their wage (and potential inclinations) by implementing proper development so that the time taken by the complete space by the plane is less. Increased manufacture Capacity without acquiring increased Costs - decentralize the get-together approach would lead Boeing to farm out frameworks that are non- critical. The objective is to decrease the capital theory for the 787-change courses (Kothari 2016). In like path, under the 787 period system, Boeing needs three days for gathering complete zones of the Dreamliner at its plant. In gratefulness to the 737 stock structure, this uncommon reducing in method reach would thusly hoard Boeing's creation limit without watching extra hypotheses. Current Supply Chain Management Practices of Boeing This current century's developing patterns and practices in supply chain management in the business aircraft industry are guided by essential lean supply chain management rehearses that have been spreading all the more broadly inside the guard airplane business over the previous decade (Gudmundsson 2015). Amid this period, as a component of the more extensive diffusion of incline hones, the most striking changes crosswise over supplier systems regarding cost decrease has been through procedure upgrades, including the selection of procedure innovations. The latest case in the vast business aircraft inventory network demonstrate that procedure upgrades have a great deal more to contribute as far as both expense diminishment and lead time funds (Song et al. 2014). Inside Boeing itself, vital cost reserve funds have been accomplished through procedure enhancements, specific regarding get together operations. It is imperative to note that a large number of these procedure upgrades, which contrast regarding their extension and objectives, are utilized as a part of conjunction with each other, to determine the greatest correlative impacts. Boeing has divided it supply chain management activities into several subtasks and delegated each management part to different stakeholders. The duties of these stakeholders and the supply chain management activities are as follows: Stakeholder Duties within the supply chain management system Procurement Agent v Development of supply chain strategies v Execute and Negotiate supplier contracts v Collaborative relationships and performance of supplier is managed. v Assessing capacity and capability of the supplier by Identifying mitigating supply chain risks Procurement Analyst v Development, and deployment of supply chain metrics v Documentation support is provided to the supplier and contracting management v Manage and Distribution of data that are related with supplier Boeing Supply Chain Analyst v Forecasting, managing and optimizing inventory v Schedule and older parts, products, services data v Store, receive ship and distribute inventory Supply Chain Logistics v Global transportation and logistics infrastructure of Boeing is managed v Manage and maintain collaborative relationships with authoritarian agencies, transportation, organizations and service providers Supplier Quality v Conducting product observance assessments supplier process and supplier process v Educating and coaching internal organizations and suppliers on regulatory compliance, Quality system and company quality initiatives Project Management (PERT/CPM Diagram, Gantt Chart) Figure 1: CPM Diagram (Source: Created by Author) Figure 2: Gantt Chart (Source: Created by Author) Figure 3: WBS Chart (Source: Created by Author) Critical Analysis of Boeing and Airbus Tools Boeing uses web based tool called Exostar for its business purposes. In this contraption, Boeing uses Managed Access Gateway (MAG) to securely relate its Supplier Portal to the Exostar trading associate gathering (de Millan et al. 2015). Suppliers that oblige access to the Boeing Portal are issued One-Time Password (OTP) tokens as a second component of customer confirmation, going before getting to the Boeing Portal and potentially other Exostar or untouchable applications. Airbus uses ADOC web instrument for its business and operations. Airbus' e-game plans are proposed for flight operations building, pilots, prosperity executives and backing and planning work power because of innovative programming and specific instruments (Xiao and Luo 2015). The essential destinations are to provide the customers of Airbus abilities for enhancing their functions and for growing accessibility of task, while withdrawing costs and decreasing hypotheses. ADOC gives a series of services that are related with software for ensuring cost-effective and consistent operations (Chaston 2013). For the operations of flight, these e-solutions includes the following tasks: Safety and new Safety Management System (SMS) requirements Fuel and flight efficiency Electronic Flight Bag (EFB) Digital management of documentation ADOC is more efficient than Exostar as it provides more options for customer and client support as well as a variety of other features that cannot be found in Exostar. Hence, even in the use of web based tool, Airbus has been able to surpass Boeing by a large margin. Role of IT in Boeing and Airbus Technical development has been the driving variable for enhancing aircrafts operational benefit. Aircrafts have could diminish costs and redesign operations by utilizing pushed plane motor headway, IT courses of action, and reduced improvement (Grabianowski 2015). The advancement has enhanced availability and improved voyagers' travel experience. Fuel is a bearer's greatest cost part. At this moment, it speaks to more than 30% of total working expenses. According to Boeing, advanced aircraft technology provides the following benefits: More efficient aircraft models More fuel efficiency in aircrafts Enhanced passenger experience during flights Airbus has been similarly affected by IT systems. However, they have been able to utilize latest IT tools more effectively and spread their business worldwide (Avdzhieva et al. 2014). Hence, IT has played a major role in the development of Airbus Company. Conclusion From the report, it can be concluded that although Boeing is one of the best companies in Aircraft business, it has faced a large number of issues that have dealt a serious blow in the business of the company. Due to poor future planning and futile marketing policy, although Boeing saved themselves from immediate downfall, the problems continued to persist. On the other hand, Airbus made the right decisions regarding the marketing policies and operations management and hence, they were able to surpass Boeing in terms of business as well as services Recommendations The following recommendations can be provided for Boeing. Future Planning - They should emphasize on future planning instead of only temporary fixes. More Technical Upgrades - They should apply technical upgrades in addition to internal upgrades. Boeing must solve the problems of the aircraft bodies and batteries that have become serious problems in the last few years. Risk Assessment - They should do a risk assessment test to determine possible risks in the application of upgrades. Better Marketing Strategies - They should use better marketing strategies. References Anderson, D.R., Sweeney, D.J., Williams, T.A., Camm, J.D. and Cochran, J.J., 2015.An introduction to management science: quantitative approaches to decision making. Cengage learning. Ashford, N., Coutu, P. and Beasley, J., 2013.Airport operations. Ashwini Nand, A., Singh, P.J. and Power, D., 2013. Testing an integrated model of operations capabilities: an empirical study of Australian airlines.International Journal of Operations Production Management,33(7), pp.887-911. Avdzhieva, A., Manhart, A., Krupp, A., Brackmann, H., Mathews, J., Kamperis, S. and Nigam, N., 2014. Efficient airline boarding strategies on the Airbus A380.6th OCCAM Graduate Modelling Camp, pp.2-18. Bachman, J., 2014. With epic backlogs at Boeing and Airbus, can business be too good.Bus. Week (January 29), https://www. businessweek. com/articles/2014-01-29/with-epic-backlogs-at-boeing-and-airbus-can-business-be-too-good. Bazargan, M., 2016.Airline operations and scheduling. Routledge. Bazargan, M., Lange, D., Tran, L. and Zhou, Z., 2013. A simulation approach to airline cost benefit analysis.Journal of Management Policy and Practice,14(2), p.54. Chaston, I., 2013. Leadership, Vision and Strategy. InEntrepreneurship and Innovation During Austerity(pp. 105-123). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Christopher, M., 2016.Logistics supply chain management. Pearson Higher Ed. De Millan, P.E., Juan, A.A., i Casas, P.F. and Monta, C., 2015, December. Simulation of the airbus 380 evacuation. In2015 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC)(pp. 3216-3217). IEEE. De Neufville, R., Odoni, A., Belobaba, P. and Reynolds, T., 2013.Airport systems: planning, design and management. Evans, R., 2015. MoM into momentum--the case for the middle market: will developing a new 180-250-seat airliner make economic sense for Boeing and Airbus?.Flight International. Francis, L., 2016. China's comac to challenge Boeing and Airbus.IEEE Spectrum,53(1), pp.49-50. Freiherr, G., 2015. BY THE NUMBERS: JETS ON A ROLL.Mechanical Engineering,137(11), p.30. Grabianowski, E., 2015. How the Airbus A380 Works. Gudmundsson, S.V., 2015. Global Partnering: The Boeing 787 Dreamliner and Beyond.Available at SSRN. Hill, A. and Hill, T., 2012.Operations management. Palgrave Macmillan. Hitt, M.A. and Xu, K., 2015. The Transformation of China: Effects of the Institutional Environment on Business Actions.Long Range Planning. Howie, D., 2015. Perfect TEN: already the most reliable engine on the Boeing 787 Dreamliner, the Trent 1000 will set the performance bar even higher as the engine's TEN (thrust, efficiency and new technology) development programme moves into its final test stages.Rolls-Royce Magazine. Ju, X., Kong, C.D., Seah, K.A.Z. and Juan, W.Y., 2013. Airbus 380 overhead cockpit panel trainer. Kleinaltenkamp, M., Behrens, R. and Reh, S., 2014. Deal-Making Negotiations by Governments and Major Product Suppliers: A Case Study of the US Department of Defense and Airbus versus Boeing.Field Guide to Case Study Research in Business-to-business Marketing and Purchasing (Advances in Business Marketing and Purchasing, Volume 21) Emerald Group Publishing Limited,21, pp.1-11. Kotha, S. and Srikanth, K., 2013. Managing a global partnership model: lessons from the Boeing 787 Dreamlinerprogram.Global Strategy Journal,3(1), pp.41-66. Kothari, S.C., 2016, May. Software engineering research lab to airplanes, orion and beyond: one professor's journey shaped by industry-university collaboration. InProceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Software Engineering Research and Industrial Practice(pp. 3-9). ACM. Liu, D., Tang, Y. and Cong, W.L., 2012. A review of mechanical drilling for composite laminates.Composite Structures,94(4), pp.1265-1279. Schofield, A., 2014. New blood: Air New Zealand taps latest Boeing and Airbus offerings to overhaul its international fleet.Aviation Week Space Technology,176(26). Sodhi, M.S. and Tang, C.S., 2012. Application: Mitigating New Product Development RisksThe Case of the Boeing 787 Dreamliner. InManaging Supply Chain Risk(pp. 161-179). Springer US. Song, T., Li, Y., Song, J. and Zhang, Z., 2014. Airworthiness Considerations of Supply Chain Management from Boeing 787 Dreamliner Battery Issue.Procedia Engineering,80, pp.628-637. Sun, R., Zhao, K. and Zhang, X., 2015, August. Research on Error Proofing Design of Boeing and Airbus Cockpit from Pilots Survey. InInternational Conference on Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics(pp. 492-504). Springer International Publishing. Wensveen, J.G., 2016.Air transportation: A management perspective. Routledge. Williard, N., He, W., Hendricks, C. and Pecht, M., 2013. Lessons learned from the 787 Dreamliner issue on lithium-ion battery reliability.Energies,6(9), pp.4682-4695. Wu, C.L., 2016.Airline operations and delay management: insights from airline economics, networks and strategic schedule planning. Routledge. Xiao, Z.X. and Luo, K.Y., 2015. Improved delayed detached-eddy simulation of massive separation around triple cylinders.Acta Mechanica Sinica,31(6), pp.799-816.

Research Paper on Best Buy Company Essay Example

Research Paper on Best Buy Company Essay We recommend you to write your college or university research paper on Best Buy as one of the most popular topics today. Best Buy Co. Inc. is one of the largest electronics retailers in the U.S. and Canada. Best Buy company owns more than 1,000 stores. Best Buy plans to expand its network to other markets, in particular the Chinese market. Best Buy Company owns a number of brands of electronics, in particular, Insignia, Dynex, which also are sold through the network of Best Buy shops. Richard M. Schultz and Gary Smolyak opened a shop selling audio in St. Paul, Minnesota in 1966. A year later, Sound of Music, that was the name of the shop, became a part of Kencraft Hi-Fi Company and Bergo Compan. Two more shops under the same name were opened in downtown Minneapolis. The first fiscal year, Sound of Music ended with a gross revenue of 168,000 dollars. In 1969, the company went public, introduced a system of stock options and opened 3 more stores in the area of Twin Cities (Minneapolis and St. Paul ). Annual revenue in 1970, reached the mark of one million dollars. In 1979, The Sound of Music managed to became the first distributer of video equipment from Magnavox, Panasonic, Sharp, and Sony. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Best Buy Company specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Best Buy Company specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Best Buy Company specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Best Buy Company today is the largest seller of home appliances and electronics in the USA, controlling 21 % of the market. This retail chain is most known for its massive sales. In addition, this company is very proud of the fact that sales staff has a fixed salary and not commission from sales, which allows its sellers to maintain objectivity when recommending products. In the U.S., Best Buy actively experimenting with different marketing strategies. For example, some large stores and offers customers a personal shopping assistant, who help you quickly make the necessary purchases or pre-plan your route. One of the basic principles of marketing the company uses is the so-called â€Å"the buyer centrism.† Within this concept, design, range and style of service in each Best Buy store varies depending on the place in which it is located and the main target audience. In the framework of a unified corporate identity, the company tries in each region to adapt to the needs of local customers. In summer 2007, the company announced major plans to expand its network. Under this strategy, in June 2008 Best Buy established a joint venture with British retailer Carphone Warehouse. Commenting on the deal, Best Buy representatives noted that it â€Å"would be the prelude to the global development of the company in the rest of Europe.† Use sample research papers and research proposal examples on Best Buy as excellent sources of the relevant information on the topic. Note! Free research papers and research proposals about Best Buy Co. are 100% plagiarized!!! At EssayLib.com custom writing service you can buy a custom research paper on Best Buy Company topics. Your research paper will be written from scratch. We hire top-rated Ph.D. and Master’s writers only to provide students with professional research paper assistance at affordable rates. Each customer will get a non-plagiarized paper with timely delivery. Just visit our website and fill in the order form with all paper details: Enjoy our professional research paper writing service!

OCD treatment Essay

OCD treatment Essay OCD treatment Essay Prior to the 1970s and 1980s there was little hope for treatment regarding OCD because clinicians of that era believed that the disorder was an unmanageable condition with a poor prognosis. The prognostic picture for OCD had drastically improved in the 20th century when behaviourally oriented clinicians and researchers looked back to important animal-based research conducted in the 1950s to search for an animal analogue of OCD from which they could conceptualize and develop behaviourally based therapies. In the animal studies, a dog had acquired an obsessive-compulsive habit which was exposure to light which meant an electric shock was coming and jumping across a hurdle to avoid the shock which reduced his conditioned fear of shock and thus was maintained by negative reinforcement. This experiment serves as an animal analogue to human OCD, where compulsive behaviour is triggered by fear associated with situation or stimuli such as toilets, floors, or obsessional thoughts that pose li ttle or no actual risk of harm. (Abramowitz) This fear is then reduced by avoidance and compulsive rituals (for example, washing) that serve as an escape from distress and, in doing so, are negatively reinforced (that is, they become habitual). The entire emotional response was extinguished after several extinction trials in which the height of the hurdle made it impossible to jump over and the light was exposed. When the light was turned on and the dog realized he couldn’t jump over he displayed strong signs of a fear response until he finally calmed down without the slightest hint of distress. This experiment influenced behaviourally oriented researchers in adapting similar treatment to human beings with OCD. They were expected to confront for 2 hours each day situations and stimuli they usually avoided. The purpose of this confrontation was to induce obsessional fears and urges to ritualize. Patients were also asked to refrain from performing compulsive rituals such as washing, for example, after exposure. (Abramowitz ) Contemporary ERP (Exposure and Response Prevention) entails therapist-guided, systematic, repeated and prolonged exposure to situations that provoke obsessional fear, along with abstinence from compulsive behaviours. This can occur in the form of actual exposure or imaginal exposure. Refraining from compulsive rituals is a vital component of treatment because the performance of such rituals to reduce obsessional anxiety would prematurely discontinue exposure and rob the patient of learning two things. First, that the disorder is not truly dangerous and second that anxiety subsides on its own even if the ritual is not performed. Thus successful ERP requires the patient to remain in the exposure situation until the obsessional distress decreases spontaneously without attempting to reduce distress by withdrawing from the situation or by performing compulsive rituals or neutralizing strategies. (Abramowitz) ERP is generally considered the treatment of choice for OCD with approximately 75-85% of patients experiencing a considerable reduction after taking on this type of treatment. There are two types of ways for administering ERP for OCD. Therapist-controlled ERP, as mentioned previously, is used if the response sought is prevention and it is administered by the patient being coached by the therapist, usually in his own home. The second type of ERP is self-controlled ERP which are sessions that are carried out as homework assignments in between therapy sessions. Data on which one of these two are the most effective have not yielded a clear-cut answer. (van Oppen) A more detailed example of therapist-controlled ERP format follows a few hours of assessment and treatment planning followed by 16 twice-weekly treatment sessions lasting about 90 to 120 minutes each and spaced over about 8 weeks. Generally, the therapist supervises the exposure sessions and assigns self-exposure practice to be completed by the patient between sessions.

Free Essays on Aristophanes’ Speech on Love

In this paper I will discuss Aristophanes’ speech on love found in Plato’s Symposium. I will summarize his speech and explain the characteristics of love as Aristophanes thinks of it. I will also explain Aristophanes’ definition of love, and whether or not love is an admirable or good thing. And finally, I will critically discuss the plausibility and implausibility of Aristophanes’ view of love. Aristophanes, being a comic poet, offers an engaging and mythological perspective on the topic of love. Aristophanes’ speech begins by explaining the nature of man and what has become of it. Aristophanes suggests that long ago, the nature of the original human being was very much different from what it is today. He proposes that human beings once were comprised of two halves; that is to say, they were twice the people they are today. According to Aristophanes, this original primeval man had a round body, his back and sides formed into a circle from which two pairs of arms and legs protruded, he had two faces, and most importantly, two sets of genitalia. Aristophanes goes on to say that there were three different kinds of these original human beings, all of which were differentiated by their gender. Not only were there a female and a male, but a third, a unified androgynous creature that possessed both female and male genitalia. Symbolically, these beings were said to be the children of the sun, earth and the moon. The male was the child of the sun, the female of the earth, and the unified androgynous creature was a child of the moon. These beings were extremely powerful, so powerful that at one point they even decided to challenge the gods. The Gods fought back, but fearing that a total annihilation of these beings would leave the world barren with no one to worship them, instead, decided to sever these creatures in half with a bold of lightning. Upon being severed, these beings became obsessed with unifying themselves into their ... Free Essays on Aristophanes’ Speech on Love Free Essays on Aristophanes’ Speech on Love In this paper I will discuss Aristophanes’ speech on love found in Plato’s Symposium. I will summarize his speech and explain the characteristics of love as Aristophanes thinks of it. I will also explain Aristophanes’ definition of love, and whether or not love is an admirable or good thing. And finally, I will critically discuss the plausibility and implausibility of Aristophanes’ view of love. Aristophanes, being a comic poet, offers an engaging and mythological perspective on the topic of love. Aristophanes’ speech begins by explaining the nature of man and what has become of it. Aristophanes suggests that long ago, the nature of the original human being was very much different from what it is today. He proposes that human beings once were comprised of two halves; that is to say, they were twice the people they are today. According to Aristophanes, this original primeval man had a round body, his back and sides formed into a circle from which two pairs of arms and legs protruded, he had two faces, and most importantly, two sets of genitalia. Aristophanes goes on to say that there were three different kinds of these original human beings, all of which were differentiated by their gender. Not only were there a female and a male, but a third, a unified androgynous creature that possessed both female and male genitalia. Symbolically, these beings were said to be the children of the sun, earth and the moon. The male was the child of the sun, the female of the earth, and the unified androgynous creature was a child of the moon. These beings were extremely powerful, so powerful that at one point they even decided to challenge the gods. The Gods fought back, but fearing that a total annihilation of these beings would leave the world barren with no one to worship them, instead, decided to sever these creatures in half with a bold of lightning. Upon being severed, these beings became obsessed with unifying themselves into their ...

I have to choose one of these two Article to write a comment about one Essay

I have to choose one of these two Article to write a comment about one of them - Essay Example It is a qualitative research which sheds light on the feedback of participants and concludes based on the results of analysis. The fundamental objective of this research is to determine the perceptions as according to the definition adopted by Barkhuizen (1998). His definition connotes perception as an interaction of three actions; expressing one’s feelings, forming a judgment and making a prediction. Bialystok and Hakuta (1994) also call their attention on perception as the interaction of the above three processes. Hence, this concept of perception governs the results of this investigative study. The study calculates the utility or â€Å"usefulness† of interacting with a partner. Being a qualitative study, the researcher has pulled together the opinions, experiences and feelings of the individuals in order to identify the factors which affect student interactions. The by-products of the study were the gains and losses, struggles, investments, motivations and ideologies about languages of the learners/students. â€Å"Usefulness† in this study refers to whether if individuals reap the benefit of interaction in terms of improvement in grammar, lexis, pronunciation or even if they learn something new which they did not know prior to the interaction. Although some participants were of the opinion that they sought to converse with a student who had better command over English language than them, so they can receive better guidance or get a chance to be rectified improving their language skills. On the contrary, this was not observed and errors were not noticed or corrected. Some students believed that their language skills could only be improved by guidance from the teacher or material only. However, during my experience of teaching I had found that students interact with those students who had better command over English language so they get a chance to improve

Material and Ideological Conditions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Material and Ideological Conditions - Essay Example In developing world, the GDP is low. This implies that the earnings of most people cannot sustain them. Low living standards leads to poor diet and impoverished health. Economic history focuses on survival issues and viable solutions to be implemented. Struggle for existence is common in the developing world while the developed world lives in comfort. Despite the comfort, there are issues that need to be addressed as far as survival is concerned. Some communities face poverty but are economically independent. A material life is experienced in other parts of the world like in New York. Life in such like areas is characterized by dependence on others. Most are untrained in rigorous activities of life like farming, repair of machines and hunting, among others. This is a paradox. The richer a nation the more it will be vulnerable. Rich nations will therefore need poor nations to survive. The solution to its problems results to division of labor (Freud et al 52). According to this scenari o, man is the source of all his economic problems. Kit 16: Resistance and Repression- Civilizations and its Discontents by Freud, Sigmund Civilization has improved in every century. Technological advances have created demand for wealth. This has developed other social issues that the society needs to address. Besides, experience has taught these psychoanalysts that various individuals opt to sit in strategic positions, in their endeavor to evade access to this form of treatment. This significantly assists in the patients’ understanding of their inner self, hence significantly aiding in rapid recovery. Above that, the psychologists claim that some patients possibly will break the cooperation rule, thereby leading them into becoming lonely, claiming that some challenges are their personal opinion, citing that these experiences are confidential, and as such, they need not to disclose them. Additionally, people may not be willing to air all their predicaments and keep some of the ir challenges to themselves. In such cases, the psychologists have no authority to intervene and may only encourage the patient into airing all his predicaments. Moreover, it is usually inadvisable to permit the patients to break the rules of such psychological sessions, since they only produce results that the psychoanalyst is unsatisfied with. Individuals with other varieties of neurosis, including obsession are known to disregard the rules of these sessions, based on their unaccounted doubts. However, sufferers of anxiety are renowned for the relentless adherence to the rules of such sessions. Besides, the psychologists ought to compel the patients to adhere to these rules, and with patience and perseverance, they manage to achieve this (Freud et al 331). This considerably aids in ascertaining the success of such sessions. Various Diseases resulting from warfronts lead to traumatic neuroses, as well as an accord the contiguous of neurotics. The distressing patients provide an app arent sign, showing that an obsession during the distressing disaster lies at their derivations. These patients habitually duplicate the distressing circumstances in their imaginings. The subsistence of comatose mental courses is revealed in the fixation actions of these patients. Discontentment in civilization has prompted several diseases to human kind, making life even more unbearable. Inequality causes many to develop illness. In search for a solution, religion is thought

Discuss the reasons for the global distribution of heart disease Essay Example for Free

Discuss the reasons for the global distribution of heart disease Essay h The nature of Coronary Heart Disease. What is it? h The Global distribution of Coronary Heart Disease. h The likely causes for this include diet, smoking, lack of exercise as a minimum. For the heart to function properly, your heart needs a steady supply of oxygen from the blood, which flows through the coronary arteries, to the heart muscle. Coronary heart disease is a term used to describe the condition when the supply is blocked by fatty deposits or a thrombosis. The arteries become blocked due to a build up of fatty material in the lining. This causes the artery to become narrower, then the heart must pump harder to force the blood through. This causes the blood pressure to rise. There are three classifications of Coronary heart disease. If the coronary arteries become partly blocked, the person may experience chest pains brought on by exertion, which desist when resting again. This form of coronary heart disease is known as angina pectoris. The pain is caused by the shortage of blood to the heart muscles. With this form of coronary heart disease there is no death of the muscle tissue. If the arteries become completely blocked by a thrombus, this will cause a myocardial infarction, more commonly known as a heart attack. During a heart attack the lack of oxygen being pumped to the heart causes the heart muscle to die, and can also be fatal. Although many people survive with immediate medical attention. The other type of coronary heart disease is heart failure. This is the blockage of the main coronary artery, which leads to the gradual damage of the heart muscles. When this occurs, the heart will become weaker and weaker  until it eventually stops pumping blood around the body efficiently. Coronary heart disease was unknown before the 20th century. The main reason for this is most probably because the majority of people died of something else before they could die of coronary heart disease. Usually some kind of infectious disease. Coronary Heart Disease is more prominent in developed countries. The main reasons for this are stress, bad diets, lack of exercise, smoking and drinking. In developed countries we are more used to taking the bus or using a car rather than walking or cycling to where we want to get to. With increasing obesity we are also getting an increase of coronary heart disease. The distribution across the United Kingdom varies. For example, the people in the UK most likely to get coronary heart disease are those in the north west of England, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Manual workers are at a higher risk than those who have desk jobs are. South Asians in the UK are more likely get coronary heart disease than any other ethnic group. Men are also at greater risk than women are. The most common way for coronary heart disease start is when the coronary arteries become blocked by a build up of fatty deposits, known as cholesterol. The deposits form plaques in the lining of the artery, which narrows the arteries. Also making them less elastic. The narrowing of the arteries is called arteriosclerosis. This occurs when the lining is damaged, most likely due to high blood pressure. These breaks are taken over by phagocytes. These growth factors that stimulate the growth of smooth muscle cells. Cholesterol is a fatty substance made from the saturated fat that you eat. It is essential for cells to stay healthy. Lipoproteins carry cholesterol through the body, in the blood stream. Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) take cholesterol from the liver, and take it to the cells, and high-density lipoproteins (HDL) carry excess cholesterol back to the liver. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol is the one that tends to build up on the walls of the arteries. If your level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol is too high, the high-density lipoproteins will not be able to remove the cholesterol sufficiently and you will be at risk of developing coronary heart disease. Thrombosis (blood clots) can also cause the coronary arteries to narrow, putting you at risk of heart attack. Coronary thrombosis occurs when blood turns from a liquid form to a solid form, creating a clot in one of the coronary arteries and stopping blood supply from getting to the heart muscle. Coronary thrombosis usually occurs at the site of existing arteriosclerosis. Agerisk increase with age. Although coronary heart disease can begin in early life Sexmales at a much higher risk than women (women protected by oestrogen until menopause, but will still be protected if they have HRT) Weightbeing overweight or obese will increase your chances Diethigh intake of animal (saturated) fats means high risk of coronary heart disease. Blood cholesterolhigh blood cholesterol levels results in high risk of coronary heart disease. High blood pressurehigh blood pressure causes higher risk of coronary heart disease. Smokingcombines with the other factors. Most common factor. Multiplies risk of getting coronary heart disease. Exercisemore exercise reduces the risk of coronary heart disease. Hereditysome families are at higher risk than others are Diabetesdiabetics have higher risk Alcoholexcessive drinking causes high blood pressure, increase risk of atheroslerosis. Moderate intake can be protective. Social classheart disease more likely to occur among manual workers The way to prevent getting coronary heart disease is to limit your intake of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and to keep you intake of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol high. Ways you can do this include: h Reducing the amount of food we eat containing saturated fat, as the body turns this fat into low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. h Avoiding excessive intake of egg yolks, most meats, such as pork, lamb, beef and veal, also butter, full fat milk and cream cheeses. h Eating more pea, lentils, beans, and oats will also help to lower cholesterol as they contain fibre. h Eat more vegetables, pulses, cereals, and fruit. h Higher intake of anti-oxidant vitamins, such as vitamins C and E. These vitamins can prevent saturated fat being converted into cholesterol by your body. h Nuts, like Brazil nuts are rich in selenium. This protects the body from tissue damage, like that damage causes by a myocardial infarction h Exercising is also very important. As well as being able to control your weight, also has been proven to increase the bodys levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Which in its turn keeps your low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels down. Walking and swimming are two of the  best forms of exercise. h Eat more oily fish like kippers, pilchards, trout, herring, sardines, mackerel and salmon. These fish contain oils that can lessen the risk of thrombosis. h If you are a smoker, the most important thing to do to reduce your risk of coronary heart disease is to stop smoking. Smoking is the major cause of coronary thrombosis in people under 50 years old Bibliography www.who.int/ncd/cvd www.who.int/whosid/ www.nhsdirect.nhs.ukhttp://nhlbisupport.com/chd1/chdexp.htm

Paradigms Essay -- Philosophy Philosophical Essays

Paradigms What do you do when the hypothetical becomes reality? What if something not just unthinkable, but unimaginable, is suddenly proposed to you as a truth. Now, what if this new truth shatters your entire view of the world, of the universe, and of man’s place in all of that. This is a drastic example of a paradigm shift, when people are torn between two different beliefs. Galileo Galilei brought on the paradigm shift that yielded this extreme example when he offered proof of a heliocentric universe in his 1610 publishing Sidereus Nuncius. Thomas S. Kuhn discussed paradigm shifts like this in his 1962 book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. While it is never an easy transition, once the new paradigm gains acceptance it will offer brilliant new ideas and explorations. It’s not possible to give a modern parallel to Galileo’s early 1600 publishing Sidereus Nuncius. So we must attempt to consider this in the context of the 1600s. Many things that we take for granted today, things that we know from our days in elementary school and never bother to question, were not even conceived yet. There was no gravitation theory; everything naturally moved towards the center. The heliocentric Copernican model had not yet been accepted; everything naturally rotated around the earth. That put earth, and more importantly humans, at the center of the universe. Everything literally revolved around us, and that was how God the Almighty designed it. In order to change from this view, a new one must be proposed, proven, and finally accepted. As Kuhn writes, â€Å"The decision to reject one paradigm is always simultaneously the decision to accept another, and the judgment leading to that decision involves the comparison of bot... ...uble sin. I am alone against thirty thousand. No. Protect you, the court; protect, you, deception; let me protect the truth. It is all my strength. If I lose it, I am undone. I shall not lack accusations, and persecutions. But I possess the truth, and we shall see who will take it away† (Pascal #921). Works Cited Galilei, Galileo. Sidereus Nuncius or The Sidereal Messenger. Trans. by Albert Van Helden. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1989. Kuhn, Thomas S. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Third Edition. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1996. Pascal, Blaise. â€Å"Pensees.† Online. Internet. 07 Sept. 2000. http://altair.stmarys-ca.edu/studwork/integral/penseesi.txt. â€Å"Philosophy of Science & Information Technology: A Tribute to Thomas Kuhn† Online. Internet. 07 Sept. 2000. http://www.brint.com/kuhn.htm.

Motivation, Intelligence Essay

Second language learning is the process of learning a different language other than one’s mother tongue resulting in the ability of an individual to use one or more languages different from his first language. It can take place in a natural setting or through classroom instructions; however, the degree of proficiency differs (Gomleksiz, 2001). Learning is a conscious process that includes thorough explanation of grammar rules, practice of those rules, as well as memorizing lists of vocabulary, usually in a classroom setting (Wisniewski, 2007). Learners usually use their culture, first language, environment, background and personal experiences among others to learn a second language. Second Language learning is necessitated by the different situations of different people. For instance, it can be for social or academic purposes. Learners are affected by many factors in the second language acquisition process such as level of cognitive development, socio-economic and cultural background, age, motivation or ability and intelligence (Gomleksiz, 2001; Wisniewski, 2007). This paper will however concentrate on how intelligence or aptitude and motivation affect the learning of a second language. According to (Wisniewski, 2007), second language learning process differs from first language acquisition, with the latter taking place usually from infancy in a community using a  Ã‚  Ã‚   specific language and affected mainly by neurological developments in the brain (McCain, 2000) while the former taking place usually in schools or later in life and affected by age and associated characteristics (McCain, 2000). It is necessary to draw a distinction between foreign language and second language learning. According to (Wisniewski, 2007), a language learnt in a community that uses a different mother tongue, is said to be a foreign language, and the process, a foreign language learning. For instance, a Kenyan student learning French in Kenya is said to be learning a foreign language, since French is not the common language in Kenya. In contrast, a language learnt in a community that uses the language, is said to be a second language. For instance, a Kenyan student studying is Spain will study Spanish as a second language. According to Holt (2001), motivation in second language learning is the learner’s orientation with regard to the goal of learning a second language. It is a desire for learning (Gomleksiz, 2001). That is, it is the inner force or strength that drives an individual toward learning a second language. A below average student with the motivation to learn a second language is likes to succeed than an intelligent student not motivated. Motivation is divided into two basic types- integrative and instrumental (Holt, 2001; McCain, 2000). Integrative motivation is the learner’s positive attitude towards the target language group and the desire to integrate into that target language community. For instance, if an individual loves and would like to identify with the Maasai community, he would learn their language. It is thought that students most successful in learning a target language are those who like the people that speak the language, admire the culture and have a desire to become familiar with or even integrate into the society in which the language is used (J. Falk 1978) cited in Holt (2001). This kind of motivation is essential in helping an individual assimilated in a community to develop some proficiency in the language and also in developing a social life with the people in the community, especially if it is the only language widely spoken. It becomes a necessity. Instrumental motivation on the other hand, underlies the goal to gain some social or economic reward through the second language. It is a more functional reason for language learning. For instance, an individual who would like to be an air hostess may learn other languages to enable her easily get the job. The end of instrumental motivation is basically utilitarian such as meeting the requirements of a school, job or achievement of higher social status (Holt, 2001). In this case, the second language acquisition takes place with little or no integration in the community using the language; however, this knowledge comes in handy if one is to ever visit the community. Factors other than social integration necessitate the acquisition of the second language. Both forms of motivation are essential for success in the learning of a second language, however, integrative motivation has been found to sustain long term success (Crookes and Schmidt, 1991). Instrumental motivation has only been acknowledged as a significant factor in some research, whereas integrative motivation is continually linked to successful second language acquisition (Holt, 2001). According to Holt (2001), Generally students select instrumental reasons more frequently than integrative reasons for the study of a second language. Those who choose an integrative approach to language study are usually more highly motivated and in overall more successful. (n.p) Instrumental motivation can only be successful if the student is provided with an opportunity to actively use the language and possibly interact with the community of the target group; otherwise, the language is easily forgotten as it was only a means to an end. Interaction with the community of the target language helps the student learn more than what is learnt in class such as accent, expression and a whole new words and the context of usage; usually, the student is exposed more to language users than in a class setting. Interaction helps the learner solve his or her problems in the learning process. The language becomes part of the student and the degree of proficiency is higher, this is why integrative motivation has far higher long term success rates. The knowledge of the language becomes more than just professional. For students however, instrumental motivation is usually the major underlying factor for the study of the language (Holt, 2001). Holt (2001) in citing H. D. Brown (2000) states that, both integrative and instrumental motivations are not necessarily mutually exclusive. Learners rarely select one form of motivation when learning a second language, but rather a combination of both orientations. For instance, a Spanish student wishing to study in the U.K will learn English both as a requirement for academic purposes and also to enable her integrate well in the English community. According to Teepen (n.d), intelligence and aptitude are significant virtually in all aspects of second language learning. Regardless of all other factors like age, personality, attitude and motivation, some people happen to be better at learning a second language than others (Bot, Lowie, and Verspoor, 2005). The writers at http://www.slideshare.net/cupidlucid/3-factors-affecting-l2-learning-presentation (n.d) refer to intelligence as the mental abilities measured by an Intelligence Quotient (IQ) test, usually measuring the Verbal or Linguistic and Mathematical or Logical intelligence and in some cases, Spatial, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal and Musical intelligence (Bot, Lowie, and Verspoor, 2005). Research findings indicate that intelligence, is a strong factor in language learning that involves language analysis and rule learning. In this case, intelligence has a strong positive relation with second language learning (Teepen, n.d.). It was however found to be of less importance in language learning that focuses on communication and interaction (http://www.slideshare.net/cupidlucid/3-factors-affecting-l2-learning-presentation, n.d.). Intelligence is complex as it has various dimensions thus giving people different abilities and strengths. Therefore, an individual with strong academic performance does not necessarily make a second language learning success story. The writers at http://www.slideshare.net/cupidlucid/3-factors-affecting-l2-learning-presentation (n.d.) also describe aptitude as the potential for achievement and that it is designed to make a prediction about an individual’s future achievements. Aptitude can be seen as a characteristic that is similar to intelligence, which cannot be altered through training (Bot et al. 2005). Aptitude for language learning is usually composed of; the ability to identify and memorize new sounds, the ability to understand the function of particular words in sentences, the ability to figure out grammatical rules from language samples and finally, the ability to memorize new words and phrases (Bot et al. 2005). A person’s inherent capability of second-language learning is called Language Learning aptitude (Bot et al. 2005). A number of language aptitude tests have been developed to assess language aptitude, the most common being the Modern Language Aptitude Test (MLAT) by Carroll and Sapon (1959) and the Pimsleaur Language Aptitude Battery (PLAB) by Pimsleaur in 1966. Both tests have shown high correlations with proficiency scores in schools, however, the tests are completely geared towards formal second-language learning and in particular, the way in which the language is taught in classrooms (Bot et al. 2005). Past researches have also revealed significant findings. A significant positive relationship between aptitude for language learning taught with grammar translation or audio-lingual methods, but irrelevant to second language learning taught with a more communicative approach, that is, with a focus on meaning rather than on form (http://www.slideshare.net/cupidlucid/3-factors-affecting-l2-learning-presentation, n.d). Just like in intelligence, successful language learners are not necessarily strong in all the components of aptitude. In conclusion, success in second language learning depends on many factors; motivation, aptitude and intelligence are just a number of important ones. For motivation, it has been found that, motivated students are more successful than those not motivated. Motivation is the most important factor compared to intelligence and aptitude, though it has to be considered in light of other factors. This is because, as long as an individual is motivated, even if his IQ and aptitude are low, he will be able to succeed in language learning. In a nutshell, the greater the motivation, intelligence and aptitude levels of a student, the greater the chances of succeeding in learning a second language. References Bot, D. K., Lowie, W. and Verspoor, M. (2005). Second Language Acquisition: An advanced Resource Book. Madison Avenue, New York: Routledge Applied Linguistics Crookes, G., & Schmidt R.W. (1991). Motivation : Reopening the research agenda. Language Learning, Vol. 41, No. 4, p. 469-512. Gomleksiz, M. N. (2001). The effects of Age and Motivation in Second Language Acquisition. Firat University Journal of Social Science, Vol. 11, No. 17, p. 217-224 Factors affecting Second Language Learning. Accessed April 29, 2010 from http://www.slideshare.net/cupidlucid/3-factors-affecting-l2-learning-presentation, n.d) Holt, J. N. (2001). Motivation as a Contributing factor in Second Language Acquisition. The Internet TESL Journal, Vol. 7, No. 6. Accessed April 28, 2010 from http://iteslj.org/Articles/Norris-Motivation.html McCain, J. (2000). Language Acquisition and affective Variables. Accessed April 28, 2010 from http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/biology/b103/f00/web3/mccain3.html Teepen, J. (n.d.). On the Relationship between Aptitude and Intelligence in Second Language Acquisition. Columbia University Working Papers in TESOL & Applied Linguistics, Vol. 4. Accessed April 29, 2010 from http://journals.tc-library.org/index.php/tesol/article/viewFile/69/75

My Last Duchess and Othello, IV, iii

In the dramatic form, be it monologue, dialogue or full theatrical scene, the author cannot step into the action to comment or interpret for us, as he can in a novel.   We must draw our own conclusions from what we see and hear, and this makes for powerful effects, as a character reveals him- or herself to us by what he or she says or does.   In the monologue My Last Duchess Browning misleads us with great skill before we realize that we are listening to a criminal lunatic. The dramatic force lies in the surprise we feel as the truth finally emerges.   In Act IV, scene iii of Othello there is again an agonizing irony for the viewer, who knows more than Desdemona and is of course impotent to help her.   Shakespeare works like a dentist without an anaesthetic, and the pain for the audience derives from the unbearable innocence of the doomed Desdemona, who is surely something like the Duchess in Browning’s poem, helpless and bewildered in the face of a murderous insanity in her husband. Browning’s Duke sounds so sane!   He is wonderfully gracious and articulate – â€Å"Will’t please you sit and look at her?† (5).   As he tells his story he seems to weigh his words with great caution, as if he is quite free of the distorting power of anger or any other passion, and is keen to avoid any unfairness in his judgment: â€Å"She had / A heart – how shall I say? – too soon made glad† (21-2), â€Å"†¦but thanked / Somehow – I know not how – as if she ranked†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (31-2). He never raises his voice, and speaks with a measured confidence that quite takes us in. At first we might be tempted to believe that his attitudes are reasonable: â€Å"Sir, ‘twas not / her husband’s presence only, called that spot / Of joy into the Duchess’ cheek† (13-15).   His manner is restrained even as he hints at her infidelity.   The painter flattered her about her appearance, as of course he would, being a Renaissance artist totally dependent on patronage, but she was charmed by it – foolishly, the Duke suggests. â€Å"She liked whate’er / She looked on† (23-24).   She was delighted by the beauty of the sunset, and the little tribute from the man who gave her the cherries, just as much as â€Å"My favour at her breast† (25).   What he seems to be objecting to is her failure to be properly selective and aristocratic in her tastes.   This is a rather extreme sort of snobbery, but perhaps not unprecedented; we may not find it attractive, but we may accept it as a feature of a proud man with a â€Å"nine-hundred-years-old name† (33). All the time, Browning is luring us up the garden path.   We begin to detect the problem.   The Duke is immensely proud, a man of great heritage, while she is free of snobbery, charmed by the delights of the world and human kindness, and genuinely innocent. (Infidelity does not now seem to be the Duke’s concern.)   Then we begin to see how his pride is really pathological arrogance. â€Å"Even had you skill / In speech – (which I have not)† (35-36), (he lies, of course) to explain your objection to her behavior – which is clearly quite â€Å"normal† – it would involve â€Å"stooping, and I choose / Never to stoop† (42-3).   So, rather than speak to her about his dissatisfaction, which would involve impossible condescension by him, he chose to solve the problem rather more radically: â€Å"This grew; I gave commands; / Then all smiles stopped together† (45-6). It takes a moment for us to register what he did, so unbelievable is it and so evasively phrased.   Then, having confessed to murder, or, rather, boasted of it, he continues his negotiations for his next Duchess, celebrating, incidentally, one of his favorite art works, â€Å"Neptune†¦ Taming a sea-horse† (54-5), the very image of the brutal control that he has himself exerted over his innocent last Duchess. The willow scene from Othello works differently, of course, because it is a dialogue, though it is the inner workings of Desdemona’s mind that the dramatic form reveals here, just as much as is the case in Browning’s poem There is an almost intolerable pathos about this scene because Desdemona is so helpless.   She has a good idea of what is going to happen – â€Å"If I do die before thee, prithee shroud me /   In one of those same sheets† (24-5) and is impotent in the face of her fate. There seems to be no defence against the ruthless execution of Othello’s enraged will. She is in a sort of trance, a hypnosis of shock.   All she can do is wait for the end, and the pathetic simplicity of her reflections here is the sign of a wounded spirit in retreat from reality.   The tragic atmosphere is given additional poignancy by the occasional interruption of the everyday details of â€Å"undressing for bed†, the habitual continuing because there is nothing else to do in the face of the worst – â€Å"Prithee unpin me† (21). She continues at moments to pretend that this is just an ordinary night: â€Å"This Lodovico is a proper man† (35), not a comparison of Othello with her country forms, but a pathetic attempt at gossip. But her real thoughts emerge in the obsession with the willow song, which she cannot resist. It is the perfect mirror of her own fortune: â€Å"And she died singing it; that song tonight / Will not go from my mind† (30-1). Like a detail from a psychoanalyst’s casebook comes the unprompted line in the song that gives away the deepest thoughts of the willing victim. –Let nobody blame him, his scorn I approve, — Nay, that’s not next.   Hark!   Who’s that knocks? –It is the wind.† (51-3) She corrects herself, but the absolute terror of realisation goes through her. The heroic innocence of Desdemona is highlighted by her conversation with Emilia. While Desdemona genuinely believes that no woman could in fact commit adultery â€Å"for all the world† (63), and swears that she herself would not do it â€Å"by this heavenly light† (64), Emilia responds, â€Å"Nor I neither, by this heavenly light, / I might do it as well in the dark† (65-6), and goes on to consider just what â€Å"all the world† might mean as a reward for the sin. Emilia is not immoral. It is just that Desdemona is on a superhuman and heroic level of behavior, and Emilia is on the normal level.   Compared with Desdemona’s helplessness in the face of the corruption of Othello, Emilia’s jokes have an immensely remedial health.   It is not a criticism of Desdemona, but it is a firm placing of trust in the human by Shakespeare. We can imagine that what Desdemona feels and says is very close to the response of Browning’s Duchess.   Both of them are innocent and benevolent women faced by deranged men.   The creation of character and the realization of human dilemma in the dramatic form are forceful and, in these two cases, immensely painful for the audience or reader.   The form makes the reader peculiarly impotent in the face of disaster. We would like to stand up in the theatre and shout at the stage, like the lady in the famous story, â€Å"You great black fool, can’t you see she’s innocent?†      

Corona’s Bank Essay Example

Corona’s Bank Essay Example Corona’s Bank Essay Corona’s Bank Essay Another bank history shows Corona’s 1000000s Chief Justice Renato Corona owns another peso history incorporating 1000000s. a bank functionary testified on Thursday’s hearing. As of 2010. Corona’s Bank of the Philippine Islands history has P12 million. said Leonora Dizon. subdivision director of BPI Ayala Avenue Branch. Senate before ordered Dizon to attest and convey Corona’s bank records from 2005 to 2010 to be presented as grounds for the impeachment’s Article II. which deals with the truthfulness of statements of assets. liabilities and net worth. The bank director said Corona’s BPI history is still active. Balances at yearend were: P149. 000 in 2005 ; P153. 000 in 2006 ; P5 million in 2007 ; P1. 5 million in 2008 ; P678. 000 in 2009 ; and so P12 million in 2010. This is apart from Corona’s two other histories in Philippine Savings Bank with a combined stoping balance of about P20 million. as revealed in the impeachment tribunal on Wednesday. In his 2010 SALN. Corona’s declared hard currency plus was merely P3. 5 million. Lead defence advocate Serafin Cuevas asked the Senate to subpoena Corona’s bank records from BPI. He wanted to demo that Corona’s P12 million was non due to a individual sedimentation but accumulated over several minutess. But Senate President Juan Ponce Enrile. presiding officer of the impeachment tribunal. told both parties to merely travel to the bank to analyze Corona’s records in order to rush things up. AirAsia Philippines Renting 16 Aircraft MANILA. Philippines – Newly licensed AirAsia Inc. ( Philippines ) will rent 14-16 Airbus 320 planes to serve domestic and international paths within 1. 5 to 4 hours flight from its Clark. Pampanga hub in the following half decennary. The air hose on Wednesday received its commercial air bearer certification ( AOC ) from the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines ( CAAP ) in the latter’s Manila office. In March. last twelvemonth. AirAsia Inc. registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) to prosecute chiefly in the concern of air transit in the Philippines and abroad for rider and lading. AirAsia Inc. is a 60-40 joint venture between Filipino investors Antonio O. Cojuangco. Michael L. Romero and Marianne B. Hontiveros with Malaysia’s AirAsia International Ltd. . a wholly-owned subordinate of AirAsia Berhad. The latter won the best low cost air hose award for three back-to-back old ages from Skytrax. the world’s largest air hose and airdrome reappraisal site. In the approaching hebdomads. we will get down our domestic and international operations utilizing two trade name new Airbus A-320s flown in from the Airbus mill in Toulouse. France. AirAsia Inc. CEO Marianne Hontiveros announced. The air hose has to the full complied with the new stiff procedure and demands for the AOC meant to guarantee safety conscientiousness in Philippine Aviation. We are committed to do air travel more merriment. low-cost and accessible to all Filipinos. she added. The air hose besides aims to regenerate touristry and hike rider traffic at its hub in the Diosdado Macapagal International Airport ( DMIA ) in Clark. Angeles. Pampanga.

Ten Ways to Avoid Gender Bias

Ten Ways to Avoid Gender Bias Ten Ways to Avoid Gender Bias Ten Ways to Avoid Gender Bias By Mark Nichol How do you write around the outmoded usage of the pronoun he or him when a male is not necessarily the subject of the reference? Here are ten strategies none ideal in every circumstance for achieving gender neutrality. 1. Use He or She Before: â€Å"Ask the student whether he is prepared to give a presentation.† After: â€Å"Ask the student whether he or she is prepared to give a presentation.† This solution is stiffly formal and is awkward in repetition; use sparingly. Using he/she, s/he, or any such alternative (or an invented neutral pronoun like ze) is not advised. 2. Alternate Between He and She Before: â€Å"Ask the student whether he is prepared to give a presentation. If he is ready, tell him that he may begin when he is ready.† After: â€Å"Ask the student whether he is prepared to give a presentation. If she is ready, tell her that she may begin when she is ready.† This solution works only in the case of two or more references to a hypothetical subject of either gender. In the proximity of the references in the examples, this solution is awkward, but when the references are at some distance from each other, it can be effective in moderation. 3. Omit the Pronoun Before: â€Å"Ask the student whether he is prepared to give a presentation.† After: â€Å"Ask whether the student is prepared to give a presentation.† This revision does not clearly indicate whether the student or another person is being asked; writers must recognize and respond to such lack of clarity if it affects comprehension. 4. Repeat the Noun in Place of the Pronoun Before: â€Å"Ask the student whether he is prepared to give a presentation.† After: â€Å"Ask the student whether the student is prepared to give a presentation.† When the noun is repeated in the proximity shown above, the sentence is awkward; in a more complex sentence, the repetition may not seem so obvious. 5. Use a Plural Antecedent for the Pronoun Before: â€Å"Ask the student whether he is prepared to give a presentation.† After: â€Å"Ask the students whether they are prepared to give their presentations.† Employing a plural noun and a plural pronoun may change the meaning somewhat; writers must be alert as to which other nouns, if any, should be made plural as well. 6. Replace the Pronoun with an Article Before: â€Å"Ask the student to prepare his presentation.† After: â€Å"Ask the student to prepare a presentation.† 7. Revise the Sentence to Use the Pronoun One Before: â€Å"A prepared student is more likely to succeed than if he has not done sufficient research.† After: â€Å"A prepared student is more likely to succeed than an unprepared one.† 8. Revise the Sentence to Use the Pronoun Who Before: â€Å"A student is more likely to succeed if he does sufficient research.† After: â€Å"A student who does sufficient research is more likely to succeed.† 9. Revise the Sentence to the Imperative Mood Before: â€Å"A student must be well prepared for his presentation.† After: â€Å"Be well prepared for the presentation.† 10. Use a Plural Pronoun Before: â€Å"Ask the student whether he is prepared to give a presentation.† After: â€Å"Ask the student whether they are prepared to give a presentation.† Many writers reject this solution because traditional grammar rules frown on using a plural pronoun when the antecedent is a singular noun. However, the bewildering absence of a gender-neutral plural pronoun in English calls for a radical solution. This one is widely used in informal writing and in conversation, and it’s commonsensical to welcome it in formal writing. That welcome, however, has not yet been forthcoming, and, regrettably, writers should use the plural pronouns them and they in place of singular pronouns with caution. Some writers reject the notion that one should avoid gender-specific pronouns in universal contexts at all. After all, why change long-standing usage that has only recently been challenged? But these writers, though sensible in the logic of their argument, are culturally insensitive and, ultimately, are on the wrong side of linguistic history. I hope, too, that integration of the singular they and them in any usage will eventually occur. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:4 Types of Gerunds and Gerund PhrasesDisappointed + PrepositionPreposition Mistakes #1: Accused and Excited